Wildside
Endangered Species & Wild Animals

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Wildside Explores Wolf Dogs (Canine Hybrids)

Interested in canine hybrids, considering obtaining one, or already entrenched in ownership of an animal that is too complicated for your lifestyle? This article will touch on different issues surrounding wolf dogs also known as wolf dog hybrids. There are seven parts to this comprehensive wolf dog series click here to start at the beginning.

Canine Hybrids: (Part 8 of 8)
Wolf Dog Resources & Citations

Photos Copyright © By Monty Sloan & Jill Moore Porter.

SUGGESTED READING

Anon. December 1996. Wolf dog hybrid fatalities. Supplied by the Humane Society of the United States.

American Veterinary Medical Association. Wolf dog hybrids: the fantasy pet of the nineties. In JAVMA Update. July 10, 1994.

American Veterinary Medical Association. Canine hybrids as pets opposed by AVMA. In Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. February 15, 1996. 208: 4

California Veterinary Medical Association. CVMA policy statement on wolf dog hybrids. July, 18, 1992.

California Veterinary Medical Association. Vaccinating wolf dog hybrids. In CVMA Update. Publication of the California Veterinary Medical Association. September 1992.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Public Health Service., 1997. Dog-Bite-Related Fatalities, United States, 1995-1996. In The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 46(21):463-467. http://www.medscape.com/govmt/CDC/MMWR/1997/may/4621/4621.2/4621.2.html

Clifton, Merritt. The bastard wolf. In Mainstream. Publication of the Animal Protection Institute. Summer 1995.

Clifton, Merritt. Animal People News. September 2000.

Clifton, Merritt. Animal People News. November 2000.

Crane, Candace. Wolves in dog's clothing. In Animals. Publication of the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. March/April 1991.

Daugherty, Daniele. 1994. Untitled chart of physical comparisons between dog and wolf.

Duman, Beth. 1998. Some wolf and wolf dog hybrid attacks on children.

Duman, Beth. Is it a wolf and what will it do? In Michigan Veterinary Conference Proceedings. 1993.

Gershman K.A., et al. JC. Which dogs bite? A case-control study of risk factors. Pediatrics 1994. 93:913-7.

Haines, Claudia. 1993. A preliminary study of the wolf dog hybrid population in Washington State. Wolf Haven International.

Hope, Jack. Wolves and wolf dog hybrids as pets are big business but a bad idea. In Smithsonian Magazine. June 1994.

Jay, M., et al. Rabies in a vaccinated wolf dog hybrid. In Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. December 15, 1994. 205:12

Johnston, W.B., & Walden, M.B. Results of a national survey of rabies control procedures. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. October, 1996. 208:10

Klinghammer, E., et al. 1985. The Management and Socialization of Captive Wolves at Wolf Park. Ethology Series Number 2. North American Wildlife Park Foundation.

Lockwood, Randall. Shelter agrees to $425,000 settlement in fatal attack by wolf dog hybrid. In Shelter Sense. Publication of the Humane Society of the United States. February 1991.

Lockwood, Randall. Wolf dog hybrids: some facts about a growing problem. In Shelter Sense. Publication of the Humane Society of the United States. April 1992.

Mech, L. David. Resolution pertaining to wolf dog hybrids. IUCN Wolf Specialist Group. April 24, 1990.

National Animal Control Association. Wolf dog hybrids: breeders vs. behaviorists. In National Animal Control Association News. September/October 1991. 4:5

Quinlan K.P., & Sacks J.J. Hospitalizations for Dog Bite Injuries. In Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999. 281:232-233.

Riggs, Randall. 1991. Wolf dog hybrid guide for animal control personnel. Publication of North County Wolves.

Sacks J.J., et al. Dog bite-related fatalities from 1979 through 1988. In Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989. 262:1489-92.

Sacks J.J., et al. Fatal dog attacks, 1989-1994. In Pediatrics 1996. 97:891-5.

Sacks JJ., et al. Dog bites: how big a problem? In Injury Prevention. 1996. 2:52-4.

Sacks J.J., et al. Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. September 15, 2000. 217(6).

Schmidt, Laurie. 1992. Issues relating to management of wolves or wolf/dog hybrids in captivity. University of Minnesota.

Seligmann, Jean. 1991. Caution: Wolf dogs can be hazardous. In Newsweek Magazine. August 12, 1991.

Siino, Betsy. Wolf dog hybrids, the new fad. In Advocate. Publication of the American Humane Association. Spring 1991.

Siino, Betsy. Crossing the line: the case against hybrids. In Animal Watch. Publication for the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). Winter 2000. Online at http://www.aspca.org/learn/upl/AnimalWatch/hybrid.html

Sloan, Monty. 1990. Of wolves, wolf dog hybrids and children. North American Wildlife Park Foundation.

Sosin D.M., et al. Causes of non-fatal injuries in the United States, 1986. Accident Analysis and Prevention 1992. 24:685-687.

Weide, B. & Tucker, P. 1999. Can you turn a wolf into a dog? Commonly asked questions about having wolves and hybrids as pets. Online at <http://www.bitterroot.net/wild>.

Williems, Robert. The Wolf dog hybrid, an overview of a controversial animal. In Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter. Publication of the United States Department of Agriculture. Winter 1994/95. 5:4

Wilde, Nicole. 1998. Living with Wolf Dogs. Phantom Publishing.

Wilde, Nicole. 2001. Wolf Dogs: A to Z. Phantom Publishing.

Wilson, D. E., & D. M. Reeder (eds). 1993. Mammal Species of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1206 pp.

Wolf Park. Undated. Position on people keeping wolves and wolf dog hybrids as pets. North American Wildlife Park Foundation. Online at http://www.wolfpark.org/Hybrid1.htm

Citations & Notes

1 hy·brid: An offspring of two animals or plants of different races, breeds, varieties, species, or genera. (Dictionary: Merriam Webster's Online) Return to canine hybrid article.

2 Wilson, D. E., & D. M. Reeder (eds). 1993. Mammal Species of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1206 pp. Return to canine hybrid article.

3 Anything with claws and teeth can cause injury and no child should be left unattended with any animal. In the United States, most dog bite victims are children under 10 years of age. The victim/neighbor usually knows the biting dog(s). Return to canine hybrid article.

4 Nicole Wilde comment on percentages. http://www.iup.edu/~Wolf/whate.htmlx Return to canine hybrid article.

5 Monty Sloan comment on percentages. http://www.wolfpark.org/wolfdogs/Poster_section3.html
Return to canine hybrid article.

6 Program with wolves and wolf dog hybrids.
http://www.wolfpark.org/seminars.html
http://www.wolfpark.org/seminar_six_day.html

Sanctuary with program.
Candy Kitchen Rescue Ranch
Star Route 2, Box 28
Ramah, NM 87321
http://www.inetdesign.com/candykitchen Return to canine hybrid article.

7 Mech, L. David. Resolution pertaining to Wolf Dog hybrids. IUCN Wolf Specialist Group. April 24, 1990.

The IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group (CSG) is an international panel of over 40 scientists, wildlife managers and other specialists from around the world, who provide their expertise concerning the 35 species in the family Canidae to the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), also known as the World Conservation Union, based in Switzerland.

There is a separate Wolf Specialist Group concerned specifically with grey and red wolves, Canis lupus and Canis rufus. It is comprised of professionals that specialize in the species (for example, David Mech), genetics and other related fields that work toward supporting the recovery and conservation of animals. Return to canine hybrid article.

8 Negative Media Attention & Loose Hybrids http://www.timberwolfinformation.org/info/wolfmanplan/final/plan5.htm#L
http://www.timberwolfinformation.org/info/wolfmanplan/final/appendix/appendix_g.htm
http://www.leerburg.com/wolf2.htm
http://www.leerburg.com/wolf3.htm Return to canine hybrid article.

9 Sacks J.J., et al. Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. September 15, 2000. 217(6). Return to canine hybrid article.

Chart: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Public Health Service., 1997. Dog-Bite-Related Fatalities, United States, 1995-1996. In The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 46(21):463-467. http://www.medscape.com/govmt/CDC/MMWR/1997/may/4621/4621.2/4621.2.html Return to canine hybrid article.

10 In 1994 the wolf dog population was estimated to be 300,000 http://www.nalusda.gov/awic/newsletters/v5n4/5n4wille.htm Return to canine hybrid article.

11 In addition to having many decline to comment on this hybrid issue, I have at least one person ask me to remove their name from this list--which I find disappointing but predictable. Thanks to the following people for their frank input and information: Joell Severns, Kat Mills, Beth Palmer, Barbara Berge, Monty Sloan and Nicole Wilde. Return to canine hybrid article.

12 Monty Sloan provides a good summary of wolf dog aggression triggers at http://www.wolfpark.org/wolfdogs/Poster_section5.html Return to canine hybrid article.

13 http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/press/1999/09/dogwolf.txt
http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1999_register&docid=fr28se99-17
Return to canine hybrid article.

14 Johnston, W.B., & Walden, M.B. Results of a national survey of rabies control procedures. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. October, 1996. 208:10 Return to canine hybrid article.

15 Rabies Compendium
2001: http://www.avma.org/pubhlth/rabcont.asp
1995: http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00036647.htm Return to canine hybrid article.

16 Jay, M., et al. Rabies in a vaccinated Wolf Dog hybrid. In Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. December 15, 1994. 205:12 Return to canine hybrid article.

17 Regulations, Legislation & Policies.
Federal
http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfr-table-search.html
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/awicregs.htm
State
http://www.cia-g.com/~werfwolf/st_regs.htm
http://www.kc.net/~wolf2dog/state/bystate.htm Return to canine hybrid article.

18 Candy Kitchen Rescue Ranch
Star Route 2, Box 28
Ramah, NM 87321
http://www.inetdesign.com/candykitchen

Other rescue groups considered worthy of mention:
W.O.L.F http://www.fortnet.org/wolf/index.htm
Eagle Wolf Foundation http://www.eaglewolfonline.com
Indigo Mountain Sanctuary http://www.indigomtn.org/mission.html
Return to canine hybrid article.

19 American Veterinary Medical Association. Canine hybrids as pets opposed by AVMA. In Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. February 15, 1996. 208: 4 Return to canine hybrid article.

Other Resources of Interest

Ark Animals
Hotline
Feline Hybrids

National Wildlife Foundation
http://www.nwf.org/wolves/pets.html

National Wolf Dog Alliance
http://www.wolfdogalliance.org/

Test To See If You Can Identify A Hybrid:
http://www.wolfpark.org/wolfdogs/Poster_intro.html
http://www.wolfpark.org/wolfdogs/Poster_section1.html
http://www.wolfpark.org/wolfdogs/Poster_section2.html
http://www.wolfpark.org/wolfdogs/Poster_section3.html

Wolf Dog Hybrid Specialists
Monty Sloan
http://www.wolfpark.org

Nicole Wilde
http://www.iup.edu/~Wolf/whate.htmlx

Wolf Haven, International
http://www.wolfhaven.org/newwolvesaspets.htm
http://www.wolfhaven.org/newnotwolf.htm
http://www.wolfhaven.org/newhybridspage.htm

Wolf Park
http://www.wolfpark.org/wolfdogs/index.html
http://www.wolfpark.org/wolfdogs/position.html

Wild Sentry
http://www.bitterroot.net/wild/hybrid.html

 

Diana L. Guerrero, author of this series, is an animal behavior consultant and animal training coach with extensive experience in many areas of the animal world. She first began working with wolf-dogs in 1979 and discourages the ownership and breeding of these animals.